Is "rising" in the sentence a noun or a present participle?

English as a Second Language English Vocabulary, Grammar and Idioms
1

With labour, food and other associated input costs rising, margin compression forces hotels to try to charge higher room tariffs.
Is “rising” in the sentence above a noun or present participle?
Thank you in advance!

2

I would say it’s adjectival (same grammatical function as in “rising input costs”).

3

***** NOT A TEACHER *****

Hello,

  1. My teachers told me to simplify a sentence in order to analyze it. So may I change it to:

With labor costs RISING to unprecedented heights, hotels are being forced to raise their rates.

  1. If I understand my books correctly, “rising to unprecedented heights” is labeled a participial phrase that is acting as an OBJECTIVE COMPLEMENT. That is, it “completes” the meaning of the object “labor costs.”

a. In other words, it is another way to say something like: Because labor costs ARE RISING to unprecedented heights, hotels are …

  1. Therefore, I think that we can say that it is NOT a noun but a participle.

James

4

Thank you very much Dozy and James,
Your posts are very helpful!

5

You are very welcome.

James