Hello.
Non-rhotic accents are said to exclude the sound [r] from the syllable before a consonant or prosodic break. This is commonly (if misleadingly) referred to as “post-vocalic R”.
-What exactly is a vocalic /r/?
-If there is another vowel following the /r/, then it is a pre-vocalic and not affected the same way. Current articulation remediation practice teachs to address the vocalic combinations separately.
Vocalic:
air -(eə®)
ear-(ɪə® )
or-(ɔː® )
car-(kɑː®)
core-(kɔː®)
care-(keə® )
fir-(fɜː® )
fire-(ˈfaɪə®)
fear-(fɪə® )
for-( fə® )
Prevocalic (usually much easier to remediate and use to shape a vocalic r through coarticulation, etc):
red
ride
raid
rude
road
16/27/31/38/40/67
R WORDS
Beginning
run
rice
rat
rag
rake
red
wrist
raisin
rabbit
ribbon
radio
rocket
ranch
rich
race
ring
rain
rug
ran
write
rip
recess
rock
read
Middle
wrap -(ræp)
carrot-( ˈkærət )
bird- (bɜːd )
earring-(ˈɪərɪŋ)
horse- (hɔːs )
iron-( ˈaɪən)
arm-( ɑːm )
giraffe- (dʒəˈrɑːf)
fork -( fɔːk )
shirt -(ʃɜːt )
lizard -( ˈlɪzəd)
fairy -(ˈfeəri )
pirate -(ˈpaɪrət )
scissors -(ˈsɪzəz )
turtle -(ˈtɜːtl )
camera -(ˈkæmərə)
party-(ˈpɑːti )
nurse -(nɜːs )
worm -(wɜːm)
walrus - (ˈwɔːlrəs)
park -(pɑːk)
syrup- ( ˈsɪrəp )
zero -(ˈzɪərəʊ )
corn
barn
Ending
earth -( ɜːθ )
four -fɔː®)
bear -(beə® )
deer -(dɪə®)
ear -(ɪə® )
tear-(ɪə® ) (tɔː® ) (tɔːn )
pear -(peə®)
jar-(dʒɑː® )
alligator- ( ˈælɪɡeɪtə®)
doctor -( ˈdɒktə® )
feather-( ˈfeðə® )
dollar -(ˈdɒlə® )
mother -( ˈmʌðə® )
hammer-( ˈhæmə®)
ladder -(ˈlædə® )
car -(kɑː® )
chair-(tʃeə® )
door -(dɔː®)
tire - (taɪə® )
hair - ( heə® )
beaver-(ˈbiːvə® )
letter -( ˈletə® )
kangaroo- (kæŋɡəˈruː )
dinosaur-(ˈdaɪnəsɔː® )
flower -(ˈflaʊə®)
father- (ˈfɑːðə® )
VOCALIC R WORDS
-AR -ER -AIR
star -( stɑː® )
far -(fɑː® )
tarp
bark
harp
art
cart
start
army
marble
guard
garlic
sparkle
heart
tar
farm
yard
tart
dark
dart
card
yarn
alarm
garbage
market
-Er
cursive-(ˈkɜːsɪv)
mixture-(ˈmɪkstʃə®)
fur-(fɜː®)
skirt-(skɜːt )
first -(fɜːst )
herd -( hɜːd )
turn -(tɜːn )
learn-( lɜːn )
fern-(fɜːn)
whisper
never
spider
curds - (kɜːd )
butter
purse-(pɜːs)
hurt -(hɜːt )
stir -(stɜː®)
dirt -(dɜːt )
germs-(dʒɜːmz)
girl- (ɡɜːl )
turkey- (ˈtɜːki )
together
teacher
concern
dinner
-air
parents
sheriff
where
barefoot-(ˈbeəfʊt)
married
square-( skweə® )
lair
mare-(meə®)
dare-(deə® )
care
stare
share
fair
stereo
marathon -ˈ(mærəθən)
asparagus -(əˈspærəɡəs )
parrot
cherry
dairy -(ˈdeəri )
parachute
arrow
hairy
bury- (ˈberi)
caring
staring
-IRE
choir-(ˈkwaɪə® )
flier
pliers
umpire
dryer
tired
fire
campfire
Ireland
Irene
mire
dire
liar
buyer
hire
wire
empire
briar
admire
vampire- ˈ(væmpaɪə®)
sapphire-(ˈsæfaɪə® )
choirs -(ˈkwaɪə®s)
ironing
fireman
sire
-EAR
fear
steer
mirror
year
hero
jeer
hear
near
pier
hearing
spear
beard
cheer
gear
disappear
pioneer
souvenir
cashier
period
chandelier
cheering
cereal
pyramid
weird
cafeteria
-OR
board
shorts
shore
story
pour
sport
sword
short
fort
popcorn
storm
thorn
organ
morning
horseshoe
tornado
store
floor
more
score
north
port
chore
orange
forest
“post-vocalic R”
Mergers characteristic of non-rhotic accents[edit]
Some phonemic mergers are characteristic of non-rhotic accents. These usually include one item that historically contained an R (lost in the non-rhotic accent), and one that never did so. The section below lists mergers in order of approximately decreasing prevalence.
Panda–pander merger[edit]
In the terminology of Wells (1982), this consists of the merger of the lexical sets commA and lettER. It is found in all or nearly all non-rhotic accents,[3] and is even present in some accents that are in other respects rhotic, such as those of some speakers in Jamaica and the Bahamas.[3]
[show]Homophonous pairs
Father–farther merger[edit]
In Wells’ terminology, this consists of the merger of the lexical sets PALM and START. It is found in the speech of the great majority of non-rhotic speakers, including those of England, Wales, the United States, the Caribbean, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. It may be absent in some non-rhotic speakers in the Bahamas.[3]
[show]Homophonous pairs
Pawn–porn merger[edit]
In Wells’ terminology, this consists of the merger of the lexical sets THOUGHT and NORTH. It is found in the same accents as the father–farther merger described above, but is absent from the Bahamas and Guyana.[3]
[show]Homophonous pairs
Caught–court merger[edit]
In Wells’ terminology, this consists of the merger of the lexical sets THOUGHT and FORCE. It is found in those non-rhotic accents containing the pawn–porn merger that have also undergone the horse–hoarse merger. These include the accents of Southern England, Wales, non-rhotic New York City speakers, Trinidad and the Southern hemisphere. In such accents a three-way merger awe-or-ore/oar results.
[show]Homophonous pairs
Calve–carve merger[edit]
In Wells’ terminology, this consists of the merger of the lexical sets BATH and START. It is found in some non-rhotic accents with broad A in words like “bath”. It is general in southern England (excluding rhotic speakers), Trinidad, the Bahamas, and the Southern hemisphere. It is a possibility for Welsh, Eastern New England, Jamaican, and Guyanese speakers.
[show]Homophonous pairs
Paw–poor merger[edit]
In Wells’ terminology, this consists of the merger of the lexical sets THOUGHT and CURE. It is found in those non-rhotic accents containing the caught–court merger that have also undergone the pour–poor merger. Wells lists it unequivocally only for the accent of Trinidad, but it is an option for non-rhotic speakers in England, Australia and New Zealand. Such speakers have a potential four–way merger taw-tor-tore-tour.[4]
[show]Homophonous pairs
Batted–battered merger[edit]
This merger is present in non-rhotic accents which have undergone the weak-vowel merger. Such accents include Australian, New Zealand, most South African speech, and some non-rhotic English speech.
[show]Homophonous pairs
Dough–door merger[edit]
In Wells’ terminology, this consists of the merger of the lexical sets GOAT and FORCE. It may be found in some southern U.S. non-rhotic speech, some speakers of African American Vernacular English, some speakers in Guyana and some Welsh speech.[3]
[show]Homophonous pairs
Show–sure merger[edit]
In Wells’ terminology, this consists of the merger of the lexical sets GOAT and CURE. It may be present in those speakers who have both the dough–door merger described above, and also the pour–poor merger. These include some southern U.S. non-rhotic speakers, some speakers of African American Vernacular English and some speakers in Guyana.[3]
[show]Homophonous pairs
Often–orphan merger[edit]
In Wells’ terminology, this consists of the merger of the lexical sets CLOTH and NORTH. It may be present in old-fashioned Eastern New England accents,[5] New York City speakers[6] and also in some speakers in Jamaica and Guyana. The merger was also until recently present in the dialects of southern England, including Received Pronunciation—specifically, the phonemic merger of the words often and orphan was a running gag in the Gilbert and Sullivan musical, The Pirates of Penzance.
[show]Homophonous pairs
God–guard merger[edit]
In Wells’ terminology, this consists of the merger of the lexical sets LOT and START. It may be present in non-rhotic accents that have undergone the father–bother merger. These may include some New York accents,[8] some southern U.S. accents,[9] and African American Vernacular English.[10]
[show]Homophonous pairs
Shot–short merger[edit]
In Wells’ terminology, this consists of the merger of the lexical sets LOT and NORTH. It may be present in some Eastern New England accents.[11][12]
[show]Homophonous pairs
Bud–bird merger[edit]
[citation needed] A merger of /ɜː®/ and /ʌ/ occurring for some speakers of Jamaican English making bud and bird homophones as /bʌd/.[13] The conversion of /ɜː/ to [ʌ] or [ə] is also found in places scattered around England and Scotland. Some speakers, mostly rural, in the area from London to Norfolk exhibit this conversion, mainly before voiceless fricatives. This gives pronunciation like first [fʌst] and worse [wʌs]. The word cuss appears to derive from the application of this sound change to the word curse. Similarly, lurve is coined from love.
[show]Homophonous pairs
Oil–earl merger[edit]
In Wells’ terminology, this consists of the merger of the lexical sets CHOICE and NURSE preconsonantally. It was present in older New York accents, but became stigmatized and is sharply recessive in those born since the Second World War.[14] This merger is known for the word soitanly, used often by the Three Stooges comedian Curly Howard as a variant of certainly, in comedy shorts of the 1930s and 1940s.
[show]Homophonous pairs
Other mergers[edit]
In some accents, syllabification may interact with rhoticity, resulting in homophones where non-rhotic accents have centering diphthongs. Possibilities include Korea–career,[15] Shi’a–sheer, and Maia–mire,[16] while skua may be identical with the second syllable of obscure.[17]
In England, rhotic accents are found in the West Country. The prestige form, however, exerts a steady pressure towards non-rhoticity.