misleading use

[Leeb]

Dear Sir,
Please, tell me the type of each of the bold typed words:
1- The earliest civilizations based on complex agriculture developed on the Nile and Tigris rivers. (past simple or adj.?)
2- Two factories produced the pipe, using cement and other materials. (gerund?)
3- It was a construction of 1900 km of concrete pipe stretched from north to south. (past simple or adj?)
4- Even when recovered, they can not do heavy manual work. (passive or adj.?)
5- Dry-farming areas need fertilization. (gerund or adj.?)
6- Alternating strips should be fertilized first. (gerund or adj.?)
7- Aphids were starred for two hrs,transferred to infected broad bean ,and moved to healthy broad bean.(if passive, where are the aux. verbs?)
8- The leaves were washed with water. (in the passive can with be used in place of by ?)

Thank you so much

[Yankee]

Dear Sir,
Please, tell me the type of each of the bold typed words:
1- The earliest civilizations based on complex agriculture developed on the Nile and Tigris rivers. (past simple or adj.?) [color=blue]‘based’ = ‘that were based’ = past participle
2- Two factories produced the pipe, using cement and other materials. (gerund?) [color=blue]present participle (Two factories produced… and used…)
3- It was a construction of 1900 km of concrete pipe stretched from north to south. (past simple or adj?) [color=blue]past participle
4- Even when recovered, they can not do heavy manual work. (passive or adj.?) [color=blue]This is not a particularly good sentence, but I’d say it is supposed to mean “even when they have recovered”. So, passive was not intended even though the passive is suggested here.
5- Dry-farming areas need fertilization. (gerund or adj.?) [color=blue]Adjective
6- Alternating strips should be fertilized first. (gerund or adj.?) [color=blue]Adjective
7- Aphids were starred for two hrs,transferred to infected broad bean ,and moved to healthy broad bean.(if passive, where are the aux. verbs?)[color=blue]Passive: You do not need to repeat the word ‘were’.
8- The leaves were washed with water. (in the passive can with be used in place of by ?)[color=blue]The leaves were washed by somebody/by something and that person/thing used water.