For widely held, publicly traded firms, dividends are taken as a signal that the firm is financially healthy; but this 'signaling .....' is not applicable to closely held firms, where communication between management and shareholders is more direct and signals are not required.

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For widely held, publicly traded firms, dividends are taken as a signal that the firm is financially healthy; but this 'signaling .....' is not applicable to closely held firms, where communication between management and shareholders is more direct and signals are not required. (*) approach (*) method (*) strategy (*) tactic

This is a companion discussion topic for the original entry at https://english.best/questions/8865,for-widely-held-publicly-traded-firms-dividends-are-taken-as-a-signal-that-the-firm-is-financially-healthy-but-this-signaling-___-is-not-applicable-to-closely-held-firms-where-communication-between-management-and-shareholders-is-more-direct-and-signals-are-not-required/